Social Policies for Family in Europe Copared to Us

Open admission peer-reviewed chapter

Social Policy and the Welfare State

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82372

IntechOpen Downloads

half dozen,992

Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com

Altmetric score

Overall attention for this chapters

Abstruse

The developments and changes in the social life accept led to change in the social needs. Therefore, problems and their solutions also change. The industrial revolution which realized in the eighteenth century had some of import impacts not but on the economic life merely also on social structure. It was aimed to solve social problems and ensure prosperity through social policies, which is a multidisciplinary field, and consequently, the concept of welfare country emerged. The states, which had liberal concerns and traditional protection functions and reached a powerful position with their internationalist approaches, underwent a transformation period because of the economic and social developments which took place in the final quarter of the twentieth century. Information technology has been subject of criticism that states increased the social expenses to satisfy the social needs and therefore caused an economic crisis in this period when the furnishings of globalization were discussed. In this study, the change and transformation process in the welfare states and their social policies at the global scale will be handled conceptually and from the historical development perspective. Making determinations about the past and present, besides as having assumptions for future, this study aims to contribute to literature.

Keywords

• social policy
• welfare land
• globalization
• welfare
• social welfare

• Esra Dundar Aravacik*

  • Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Healthcare Institutions Management Department, Health Law, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

*Accost all correspondence to: esra.dundar@ikc.edu.tr

1. Introduction

Social policy is an inclusive disciplinary, which means to provide solutions to accost needs of social life. Social problems change based on economic and environmental factors. These changes also differ based on social structure and state policies.

The historical background of social policies is in parallel with important events in the homo history. An important cornerstone in the earth history, industrial revolution, is an economic revolution on 1 side, but information technology increased the social problems on the other side. From industrial perspective, societies can be regarded every bit preindustrial order, industrial society, and postindustrial society. Information technology is also possible to say that social policies that provided solutions to social problems likewise changed based on the conditions of the menses.

It is seen that traditional methods were used to satisfy social needs, and the groups in need of protection were tried to exist protected through social aid and services in the preindustrial period.

The period which began with the industrial revolution acquired varied social problems as from the second half of eighteenth century. Seeking solutions to address the poverty and social imbalance, which were caused by the industrialization, social policy tried to make balance between economy and social policies. The migrations to industrialized regions with the bear upon of industrialization acquired new professions, negative life and work conditions, and poverty. In the face of this change in the demographic structure, states adopted the liberal economical understanding as a solution. Gratis market economy that emerged equally a outcome of concerns that state interventions would harm economic and social balances helped a office of social club to have welfare but caused workers who constituted the majority of society to impoverish. Liberal economy understanding's failure to ensure social welfare resulted in criticisms and the rise of neoliberal approaches.

The fact that liberal state understanding'south express approach acquired negative results on social policies led adopting a more interventionist and regulating state model. Because social expectations that the state should meet social needs increased, the land got a new graphic symbol to solve social problems. Affected past the wars which broke out in the first half of twentieth century and 1929 economic crisis, the concept of state changed in favor of social policies. With Keynesian economic approach, it paved the way for more inclusive interventions and adopted "welfare state" approach. However, also affected by globalization, the interventionist arroyo of welfare country to ensure economical and social welfare failed to ensure economical growth, and the position of state was discussed again.

In this new menses, where the increase of social expenditures and taxes was perceived as a threat, it was suggested that the social responsibilities of the state should be reduced. The crises beginning in 1970s and the problems which increased with the effect of globalization led to a transformation in the welfare state. The crisis of welfare state and the constantly increasing discussion most the part of state to determine social policies caused states to plunge into new quests.

Although the quests for the welfare state of Golden Age were different, it is possible to say that the basic attitudes were neoliberal attitudes like increasing the effectiveness of local administrations, leaving ensuring welfare ton on profit organizations, and leaving social services to individual sector. Therefore, the Welfare Land style that emerged with industrial revolution was restructured with the "Data Historic period" and globalization which emerged in the final quarter of twentieth century. In this period, social policies are adamant by civil social club, international, and supranational organizations instead of traditional ways, and social policy agreement turns into new forms.

In spite of all criticisms, welfare state nevertheless regulates and implements social policies today. Exposed to some transformations and to some extent replaced by neoliberal policies as a result of changes caused by the globalization and information historic period, the welfare state is predicted to continue its existence in new forms and remains equally an important ability to regulate social policies in future.

In this study which has been made under the light of this data and predictions, kickoff of all, the conceptual foundations, targets, and means of social policy volition exist explained with the factors which paved the way for its emergence in the historical process. Subsequently that, the concept of welfare state and the furnishings and events, which paved the way for its emergence, will be handled in the historical process. Welfare country crisis and globalization volition be explained under dissimilar headings and determinations, and predictions will exist made about today and future, discussing their impact on the social policy.

Advertisement

two. The subject of social policy

Social policy is referred to as "social policy" in Continental Europe, just it is referred to every bit "social welfare policy" in the North American literature. Some authors argue that these two concepts take the same meaning merely some others argue that social policy is a frame concept which encompasses various policies, including social welfare policy [ane].

Differences regarding the definition of social policy also arise from periodic weather condition. To Wagner, social policy means the measurements taken by state to protect workers, while to Kessler, it means the movements and struggles of social form and state's attitude confronting this struggle. To Lauber, social policy is a ready of measurements taken at national level in gild to change and regulate the financial and cultural life conditions in a definite period of fourth dimension. Albrech defines social policy as all measures and institutions that are taken to protect the part of social club which is in demand of economic protection and to ensure social security and peace [2]. Marshall defines social policy equally a set of policies developed past country to ensure welfare in order that it obtains service and income. Hagenbuch asserts that social policy is an effort to make sure that individuals take minimum standards and opportunities.

In narrow sense, social policy is an mental attitude to address the disputes, imbalances, and conflict of interests between employers and employees and to ensure harmony between classes in backer systems [three, 4, 5]. In narrow sense, the aim of social policies is to find solutions for the bug emerging in industrials societies. From this perspective, it serves ensuring the social justice for ending the social inequalities that have been caused past the industrial revolution in social policy. In narrow sense, information technology represents the policies for making a remainder between labor and capital because it encompasses merely problems of worker and labor classes [half dozen]. These policies also include the provision of social justice.

In narrow sense, political policy approaches the working life every bit the basic chemical element that can explain the society. In this context, it also deals with issues such as wages, working weather condition, merchandise unionism, and collective bargaining [seven].

In a broad sense, the concept of social policy means comprehensive practices which accost not just the problems and needs of working class only also those of the other segments of society [8]. With a definition from this perspective, information technology is possible to say social policy subject addresses the problems of urbanization, surroundings, health, and education and those of all segments of club such as workers, the disabled, the elders, children, and immigrants. In a board sense, social policy emerged together with the concept of welfare country later World State of war II. Therefore, social policy includes health services, social security, urban center, surround, and struggling against unemployment and poverty that affect social welfare. In a broad sense, the final target of all these practices is to ensure social peace, social justice, and equality betwixt different groups [9].

Social policy is determined on the ground of redistribution. The regulatory and distributive view of policies serves to ensure that everyone living in society has social freedoms and equal opportunities [10]. Ensuring the welfare of each individual is the chief objective of the country and other organizations that are social policy practitioners.

The members of gild accept such needs as pedagogy, social security, health services, and housing. Social policy aims to ensure the welfare of individuals through legislative regulations. Because social policy is affected by social developments, it changes based on the needs of individuals. Land makes new regulations based on needs. It is possible to brand separate regulations for those who are in need of protection from social policy perspective for children and youth, for the disabled, for families with low income, and for the elders.

The factors which impact and determine social policy are not only the needs of society and individuals only besides are ideological movements, law-breaking rates, unemployment, media, politics, industrial groups, and violence, such economic factors as debit and recession and the nature of welfare state (social democratic, liberal, etc.) [eleven].

Social policy can be defined as an area consisting of decisions taken with the participation of many individuals and parties, which is put in force subsequently the state determines its basis [12]. At that place is a mutual interaction between social policy and economic policies [3]. Thus, the development of a state is not possible merely through economical growth but likewise by achieving a fair and balanced growth to solve social issues. From this perspective, the bug in economy and those in social policy demand to exist handled together.

2.i Principles and concepts of social policy

To achieve its goals, social policy needs to have some principles regarding the policies information technology volition determine.

The social policy, which is put in force by the land and other institutions, affects the welfare of society directly. A state's regulations regarding welfare need to be determined by analyzing its social policies. The subjects and basic principles related with social policies are social needs and social problems, equal rights and social justice, efficiency, equity and choice, altruism, reciprocity and obligation, and division, divergence, and exclusion [xiii].

Welfare state should provide some rights to the people. These are elaborated below.

• Equality: Achieving equality underlies social policies. Resources need to be distributed fairly in order to attain equality. Equality has different types: equal outcome, equal opportunity, or equal treatment.

• Equal opportunity: It means that equal groups should be treated equally. Equal opportunity needs to exist given to people regardless of their sex or group. Moreover, all people must accept the same opportunities in educational organisation or in the labor market.

• Need: Bones needs are food, caring, and housing. Needs are not limited, and it is not certain which needs should be covered by states.

• Liberty and rights: There are different types of rights. Civil rights hateful the absence of capricious arrest and detention merely having freedom to discuss whatsoever stance. Social rights mean social welfare and social security, right to education. Political rights include voting and joining political parties and freedom to explicate stance in a democratic fashion.

All of these rights are provided past welfare land. The individuals who live in society are bound to land through the bail of citizenship. He/she has the right to request the country to which he/she is a denizen to make policies which pave the style to provide him/her the rights he/she has. From this perspective, the citizenship concept plays an important role in determining the state's obligations and rights of individuals as a part of social policies.

The main goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in society lives in harmony, afar from conflicts. Thus, the target is to ensure social justice, social development, social balance, social integration, and social peace [seven].

• Thanks to social justice , anybody in social club will take equal rights in the confront of equal risks. In this way, the inequalities and differences caused by the economical chances are eliminated. All the policies that ensure that anybody has fair opportunities with regard to income, taxes, wages, education, and social security contribute to the development of social justice.

• Ensuring the social balance is possible if everyone in club lives in harmony and balance. Therefore, social differences demand to be reduced. Especially the differences and inequalities, with regard to opportunities, of the individuals living in unlike regions crusade this remainder and harmony to deteriorate. It is i of the chief objectives of social policy practitioners to eliminate the differences regarding the development level and to ensure that everyone benefits from the aforementioned social services.

• Social peace is ensured through policies aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to the deterioration of the balance within the social construction. Especially in the capitalist system, the social differences created by the free market can hinder solidarity throughout the society. For the creation of a society dominated past harmony and reconciliation, policies should be implemented in gild to eliminate the negative effects on the psychology of lodge.

• Social integration refers to the minimization of political and economic factors that negatively bear upon unity and solidarity in society. Teaching, culture, and moral values are issues that affect social resolution in this sense.

• Achieving the goal of social democracy, information technology is possible to protect the key rights and freedoms of individuals in autonomous guild with the legal society in the framework of autonomous freedoms. The goal of democracy must exist achieved in society to protect the individuals' rights to piece of work and participate.

2.2 History of social policy

The social policy, which is considered to have emerged as a result of the economic and social developments in the nineteenth century, started to become meaningful with the industrial revolution. As a result of the modify in economic relations with the industrial revolution, social changes became inevitable. With the industrial revolution, increased production gave rise to the need for more labor. The say-so of majuscule owners on the labor market place increased even further through the liberalization of trade.

In a period when the liberal market place economy approach (Laissez-faire) was adopted, the dominant stance was that government interventions would negatively affect the complimentary market place [fourteen]. The belief that a market place created without intervention would enrich the people, on the ane hand, ensured the enrichment of the owners of upper-case letter and, on the other hand, caused the labor sector to become poor. The poverty faced by children and women hurts humanitarian feelings [xv]. Increasing poverty during this period when no intervention was made to workers' wages and working weather condition caused the social problems to increase and thus the rapid evolution of social policies.

Every bit a result of liberal arroyo in the economy, two opposing sections accept emerged in social club: the bourgeois class who are the majuscule owners and working class who are the labor holders. The reduced of wages, poor working conditions, and long working hours accept led to social problems in the labor form and to class conflicts. In the nineteenth century, social policies were applied to solve the social issues created by the liberal economic system agreement of the state. Providing social peace and justice through the intervention of the land in the working life, working relations, and wages is inevitable.

With the social reform movements that began in England and Canada between 1880 and 1920, social policies turned into a descriptive approach from the prohibitive arroyo [1]. In this approach, the state was criticized that its part in the work life was limited and rigid, and it was suggested that the state should regulate social weather condition in lodge to eliminate the negativities in the piece of work life. In this menses, there was an opinion that the role of the state in social policies should increase, in the capitalist developed countries, such as France, Federal republic of germany, and the USA.

Consequently, the emergence of social policy in the modern sense is attributed to social conditions created by French Revolution in intellectual-political sphere and those created by industrial revolution in the social and economic spheres [xvi].

Subsequently World War II, liberal economic approaches in developed countries were abandoned, and Keynesian policy approach was adopted with the belief that the country should arbitrate in social policies. Another important factor in the adoption of this approach is the 1929 economic crunch and its negative consequences. Subsequently the industrial revolution, the telescopic of social policies expanded, and not only the issues of labor sector only also those of the whole society were addressed. All of the problems such as wellness services, elderly and child care, struggle confronting unemployment and poverty, participation of women in working life, protection of the surroundings, and gender bigotry became issues for which the state struggled under social policy.

Advertisement

3. Toward welfare state

The concept of welfare land emerged in 1930s and 1940s. Dissimilar the concept of country which was adopted during Earth War II and which aimed for providing sufficient money to cover the need of regular army in far, welfare land aims at providing social policy, health services and thus providing social needs [17].

Welfare land concept gains dissimilar aspects in different countries according to their cultural, social, political, and economic legacies and historical developments. Welfare state aims at providing welfare of the individual citizens. According to the demands of labor market and civil society, welfare state intervenes in the economy.

Although at that place are many definitions about the welfare land, Asa Brigg defines information technology equally follows: "Information technology is a kind of state in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the role of market forces." It is accepted inside the scope of the function of the welfare state to provide a minimum income guarantee to individuals and families, to facilitate the prevention of certain social risks, and to offer skilful living conditions to individuals in club through social welfare [xviii].

Another definition of the welfare state is that "it is a contemporary state understanding that undertakes the duty to ensure a off-white income distribution, protect the groups and classes in need of protection, direct the social security practices and employment policies, practice the politicize to meet the bones requirements of lodge such as education, wellness, and housing and takes measures for regulating the working life, thank you to the tax and wage policies it follows" [19].

3.1 History of welfare land

The difficulties were faced with regard to making definition of the welfare state and justifying its historical development. As mentioned above, each and every land has a different national social security organization, a different social structure, and thus, unlike needs. Moreover, welfare state determines the policies that are required by the economical, social, and cultural conditions and put in force the legislative regulations accordingly.

The development process of welfare state can be handled by categorizing in three periods. The kickoff catamenia was betwixt 1870 and 1913, in other words from the late seventeenth century when the industrial revolution took place to early nineteenth century. The next period was the time between World War I and World War II and the time period between 1950 and 1973 when is referred to as the "Golden Historic period of Welfare States." Welfare state inverse with the economic crises which realized after 1973. This period is referred to as "Welfare Land Crisis" and refers to the period up today.

The emergence of welfare country dates back to 1601, when Poor Laws were put in force in UK. In this period, most of men were recruited for state of war. When they turned back home, they lived the rest of their life without any social security or protection but under risks. 1601 Poor Law was the outset legislative initiative to protect the elders, patients, and wounded people in the society. However, this legislative regulation was not sufficient because the residual of society was besides in need of protection. Another legislative regulation was fabricated in 1834 as a consequence of economic and social pressure and because of the developments at the fourth dimension. This is the beginning of the stigmatizing effects of social policy. In the following periods, the furnishings of Adam Smith's free marketplace economy started to change the country policies and legislative regulations not merely in Great britain merely likewise in other countries.

Welfare country actually emerged afterward World State of war II. Along World State of war I, all countries spent all of their resource for war. After World War I, it was understood that John Maynard Keynes approach was not sufficient for creating job opportunities and reviving public economy. After the war, it was believed that a second war could be prevented by ways of creating job opportunities and providing new working and life standards.

With 1942 Social Security report (Social Insurance and Allied Services), Lord William Beveridge aimed at creating a wellness system, providing minimum income and decreasing employment rates. After the state of war, Beveridge's opinions were evaluated together with Keynes approach for creating a national welfare for UK [20]. Distrustfulness of liberalism urged countries for plunging into new quests.

States faced new social risks between 1870 and 1913. These risks were increase of aging population, alimony payments, diseases, occupational diseases, and accidents. In 1880s, Bismarck made some efforts in society to provide social security. Reform efforts made by Bismarck aimed at providing a protection through social security against the risks of industrial revolution, low income, and population movements. The long working hours and heavy working atmospheric condition increased poverty and socialist movements. With these developments, the regulations covering affliction insurance in 1883, work accident insurance in 1884, and erstwhile-age and disability insurance in 1889 were put in force.

Bismarck's reform movement aimed at establishing a system non only under the state simply likewise with support of employers and employees. According to this, the system had three dimensions: employer'south responsibilities, individual investments, and private insurance. This system as well accepted the intervention by state. Therefore, it possible to say that the economic and political structures and, consequently, social policies of other countries started the alter after Bismarck's reform.

Following Bismarck's reform, many legislative regulations were put in force for the diseases and injuries caused by industrialization. No like regulations and rules had been put in force in Western European Countries until 1913.

Considering of industrialization, the changes in social demographic structure, and increasing pressures in nineteenth century in European states, the realization of welfare state gained speed. Public sector and economy had a rapid development in China, Brazil, and Russia. Between 1950 and 1973, when it is known as the golden age of welfare state, the intervention of state gradually increased with the Keynesian approach which was adopted for solving the problems caused by the gratis market economy. However, Keynesian policies caused states to become into crises later on 1970s. High revenue enhancement rates, increasing public expenditures, and states' intervening markets were cited as the reasons for the crisis. In this period, when the proportion of social expenditures to public expenditures was gradually increasing, old-age, maternity, injury, and death insurances were accustomed in many countries. In improver, unemployment insurance and family aids were as well regulated in more than developed countries [21].

The welfare country has been undergoing a transformation since 1975. The land intervention which increased with 1929 economic crisis was replaced with a system in which the state shrined afterward the oil crisis between 1973 and 1979. In this menstruation, states adopted the opinion that states should be less interventionist with regard to making economic and social policies. It is observed that the budget deficit which was caused by the pressure of social expenditures increased in this period when unemployment became chronic, inflation rate increased, and economic growth decreased especially in Western European countries.

Neoliberal arroyo which emerged in this menstruum was adopted as a new course of liberalism, a upshot of solution seeking against Keynesian policies [22]. As a effect of fierce competition caused by economic crises, a new catamenia started in tardily 1970s, and in that period, Keynesian welfare state went through a crisis.

With globalization, welfare state that had stability in economic growth also as adept work conditions and price offers ended, and a new period in which nation states had less potency started. These developments which also affected social policies led to adoption of neoliberal approach for decreasing social expenditures. States started restructuring and new reforms in order to re-start economical growth. In the last 20 years, many countries have made regulations to decrease social expenditures. All the same again, in many countries, public expenditures take non decreased, instead, they have increased. The reasons of this status are not but economic reasons and developments but also the reasons caused past the alter of demographic structure similar aging population and the changing family structure. Equally mentioned higher up, economic policies and social policies have mutual interactions. It is obvious that the changes in economic policies besides impact social policies, and no one is independent of the other.

On the other hand, the economic condition of welfare state is not only related with individual behaviors but likewise related with social security system to be accepted for labor market place and social welfare. The contradiction betwixt labor market and country intervention has still to be solved [17].

Welfare country continues to develop. State withal plays an of import role in determining social policies. It is possible to say that not only economical indicators but besides the changes taking place in demographic and social construction play role in determining the policies of welfare land.

The welfare land aims at redistributing income and thus plays an interventionist and regulatory role. It takes measures to eliminate negativity in working life. It determines the minimum wage, undertakes social security and welfare services, and intervenes by taxes and other expenditures to eliminate injustices in income distribution [23, 24].

The welfare state is expressed every bit the deepened and extension of the archetype protective land [25]. The welfare state, whose final stage reached has been by the modern state, is no longer a "spectator land," but information technology is a "player state" [nineteen].

All of the definitions regarding welfare country include the mentality to protect those who have poor economic and social conditions. This protection can exist done through social policies. Therefore, welfare country's intervention for the sake of eliminating the negative conditions, which is required to be washed by the welfare state and achieve the goals of social policies, is appropriate and required.

Although the duties and telescopic of each welfare state alter based on each country's social, cultural, economic and demographic weather condition; basically, they include ensuring the protection of children, the disabled, families, the elders and women, creating jobs, providing teaching and vocational training, struggling against poverty and low income, and improving the working conditions.

Considering the practices of the welfare land, diverse distinctions have been fabricated on the basis of services and expenditures to ensure social welfare. The most important written report about this issue has been made by Gosta Esping-Andersen. Esping-Andersen classifies welfare land systems every bit follows:

• Liberal welfare model which is practiced past U.s.a. and UK

• Conservative and Continental Europe model which is practiced past Germany, France, and Belgium

• Social Democratic Scandivian Model which is good by Sweden and Kingdom of denmark [26, 27].

The welfare country, emerging every bit a response to the search for solutions to address the inequalities and negativities created past the industrial revolution, is a new course of the liberal country. Because the liberal approach threatening social interests due to the fact that upper-case letter and markets were non interfered and the socialist arroyo that kept the interests of the working class at the highest level were not sufficient to meet the social needs, the welfare state emerged as a system to overcome the problems of both of these systems.

Regarding the welfare state, information technology is possible to make the following determinations regarding the period until the kickoff of the procedure of globalization and neoliberalism [28].

• The residual arroyo evolved and replaced by with an institutional approach.

• Demanding social welfare has turned into a human right arising from beingness a denizen.

• While it was an understanding of service to meet the needs of only poor, information technology has turned into universal service to encounter the needs of the whole gild.

• It left from a limited welfare budge to large welfare expenditures.

• The understanding that such problems as poverty and unemployment are not because of the mistakes done by individuals but because of inadequacy of the state and its institutions.

• Making efforts to have responsibility for providing social welfare has shifted from volunteer individuals and institutions to public institutions.

The economic crises experienced afterwards the 1970s caused bug and criticized the Keynesian welfare state. Upkeep arrears was one of the issues that were faced due to the increase in unemployment, the decrease in economic growth, and the increment in retirement age and health expenditures due to the aging of the population. The criticism and debate almost the welfare state are that all the negative, economic, social, and political bug are caused by the social policy practices of the welfare country.

Long-term consideration of demographic changes and the impact of globalization on the welfare state have opened new avenues for debate and discussion most the welfare country'southward future evolution [17]. The of import point is providing people welfare for the welfare states.

Criticisms nigh the welfare state are:

• Poverty and unemployment rates have non been reduced, and social welfare policies have not been successful

• The opportunities provided for welfare cause negative furnishings on family unit construction, increase divorce rates, and deteriorate moral values

• It has increased the taxes put on income and capital

• Social expenditures have increased [28, 29].

Welfare states have begun to develop new policies and restructure due to the problems that constitute the source of criticisms of social policy. Although it is claimed that the welfare state has a tendency to get back due to economic and financial pressures, information technology is possible to say that the welfare country continues to brand efforts to adapt with the new weather condition.

3.2 Globalization

The transformations which have taken identify in social policy and welfare land can be explained under the shade of globalization. In 1998s and 1990s, privatization and marketization had an bear on for some of bourgeois governments. The governments had more liberal approach to civil social club and economy policy.

Globalization reveals a costless market place economy, liberal democracy, and cultural differences in the process leading to a holistic world economy [30]. Globalization procedure gained momentum later 1980. In this procedure which was based on economic liberalization, the neoliberal model became ascendant and the idea that state should abandon its active function in social policies was adopted. In some adult countries, which had been practicing the neoliberal model, social policy implementations began to lose their importance, and they were completely neglected in less adult countries.

The effects of globalization became more than evident at the end of the twentieth century, and the welfare country had less intrusive grapheme with regard to taking measures for social protection due to the pressure caused by social expenditures and increased taxes. With the adoption of the dominant view that social expenditures hampered economic growth, the shrinking of welfare states and reduction of its role on social policies gained momentum. Due to the increasing competition between the welfare states, poverty and unemployment have increased, and injustices accept emerged in the distribution of income [21].

The narrowing of social welfare state practices in the procedure of globalization caused social rights to be restricted. Liberal understanding limits the state'south duties with the provision of security, justice, and infrastructure. State shrinks through liberalization. The possibility of the deterioration of the remainder between uppercase and labor, which was tried to be established later the industrial revolution, threatens those who are in demand of social protection. The increasing unemployment charge per unit is ane of the most of import threats.

In the procedure of globalization, contrary to their liberal philosophy, us that turned into neoliberal models needed to further develop their social policy practices. Developments show that, opposite to expectations, the model adopted in the process of globalization deepens the problems of social policies further.

The impacts of globalization on the welfare state model and social policies are evaluated from iv different perspectives, which are:

• According to Mishra; globalization eliminates the independence of nation states. Economic growth is the sole target. International wage inequality and poverty increment due to economic pressures, and social protection is weakening. Welfare of nation states decreases with neoliberal policies [31].

• Co-ordinate to Pierson, globalization alone is not the reason for the reduction of the ability of welfare states. As an external ability, globalization may require renewal in the structuring of states, but this restructuring should not be a reduction of social policies. In this process, states should also take into business relationship the internal effects such equally demographic, migration, and social developments and determine on the restructuring process accordingly [32].

• According to Esping-Anderson, nation states should prefer more balanced practices on the axis of globalization. Nation states with stiff economic and political structures should adopt the most harmonious practices for their own hereafter while guiding globalization [27].

• According to Rieger and Leibfried, globalization emerged every bit a consequence of efforts of the nation states to reduce the negative furnishings of war with the liberal model. The economies of nation states are independent of the global economic system; therefore, the restructuring process and the establishment of relevant policies should exist evaluated in this respect [33].

The causes of the crisis of the welfare land in developed countries are globalization which is an external factor and internal variables which are related to the social structures of states. One of these reasons is the demographic structure, which has changed because of the aging population, prolongation of life, and decreasing birth rates. In addition, family structure has inverse, divorces take increased, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes have increased, and economic growth has declined. The competitive power of the countries in the international arena has decreased due to the increment in the expenditures of the welfare state to ensure social welfare. Having been in search of providing solution for the elimination of the financial pressures caused past the expenditures related to increased welfare, the welfare states have entered into a restructuring process.

In the restructuring and surviving process, the financial pressure level was tried to be eased through the privatization of the alimony system, raising the retirement age, increasing the premiums, and reducing the financial pressure.

With the shrinkage in the welfare state, the provision of welfare services has also changed. The service provision which had been performed by the state has been given through local administrations at local level, and it has been left to the nonprofit organization, which ways it has been "privatized" [28].

Advert

4. Future of the welfare country and social policy

Information technology seems hard to foresee the future state of welfare state clearly considering of variables. Welfare state changes based on social, economic, cultural, and demographic structures of states. It does non seem possible to provide financing of welfare statement with traditional methods. Particularly 2008 financial crisis, welfare land had a view that a system in which the primary role player is the country is non sufficient for economical growth. The increasing unemployment is an obstacle for the welfare land growth. Moreover, the population of many states is getting older, and the demographic structure is changing. Labor markets need to be supported, new jobs demand to be created, and employment needs to be increased. Therefore, states adamant their policies. Public expenditures are increasing due to increasing pension payments with the aging population.

The expectations that welfare land provides welfare are increasing more and more. The approaches for providing welfare are unlike. Some states adopt liberal approaches, some states adopt corporatist and some others prefer universal approaches. In contempo years, the belief that economic policies are non sufficient for achieving a welfare state but that welfare state needs to be accomplished through social policies has been increasing.

Although many arguments have been raised in discussions on the future of the welfare country, it is possible to say that the rightist and leftist views are more dominant.

• The rightists debate that the welfare country can overcome the crunch just by shifting to neoliberal policies. They too argue that the obligatory modify that took place in the industrial revolution is also valid for the Information Age which emerged in the terminal quarter of the twentieth century and that social policies need to exist developed by the supranational organizations after the change of welfare state.

• For the leftists, they argue that welfare states accept the ability to adapt themselves irresolute conditions; and therefore, they tin can overcome the crisis through reforms and restructuring. It is suggested that the neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted instead of the neoliberal approach in the reform procedure.

Equally an alternative to these views, neoliberals and conservatives accept made new initiatives under the name of "New Right," and social democrats and social liberals have made new initiatives under the name "The 3rd Manner" [21].

Furthermore, the legitimacy of the welfare state was questioned past both The New Correct and The New Left. The New Left criticized the state's role was too weak compared to the markets, and a reformulation of the state'south office in societal evolution was needed. The New Correct is focused on the role of bureaucracy and pressure level groups. According to their opinion, guild'southward welfare is more of import than bureaucracy and force per unit area groups' interests [17].

The globalization, which has been cited as a reason for the transformation of the welfare country and social policies, increases its influence with the participation of international organizations such as Earth Bank, World Health Arrangement, and International Monetary Fund [13, 34, 35]. Nation states should implement policies in economic and social spheres not based on external processes but based on internal dynamics. As stated to a higher place, although they have like features, each country has different applications for social protection. Here, the main important thing is to decide the impacts of change on demographic and cultural structures of the countries and make intervention properly. In summary, information technology is the choice of national political government to present the effects of globalization every bit the only reason for their national policies. Instead of this perspective, it would be a more realistic approach to try to benefit from the positive impacts of globalization for reducing issues at the national level. Past this way, it would be possible to develop more constructive tools to forestall the increasing social problems.

Welfare states are withal developing. States are in search for better work and life weather. They want to have social security systems which cover all social risks. From this perspective, it is possible to say that there is not a real crisis in welfare states, only there are efforts to remove obstacles before the economic growth.

Welfare states need to make regulations to decrease unemployment rates, taxes, and public expenditures because of the decline in economic growth [17]. At that place seems to be a tendency for narrowing in social policies considering the proportion of social expenditures in public expenditures is loftier.

Reform initiatives to reduce the welfare crises in the welfare states have led to giving more importance to "active social protection" understanding in social policy implementations [36]. These practices, which were put into practise in 1990s and which aimed to exist active in the labor market, were based on regulations that encourage working and restricting passive expenditures. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the menstruum of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their weather condition were made hard. When the impact of the reform implementations on social expenditures is evaluated, it is seen that poverty of children has increased and the works for giving family aids and providing vocation educational activity have been insufficient. It is obvious that retirement age and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population. Information technology is possible to say that the increase of passive expenditures due to the aging of the population constitutes an obstacle earlier realization of active and passive reforms [37].

As a outcome, welfare states continue to be in different ways. The developments show that the view that social rights, freedoms, and ideological thoughts are not sufficient to attain the economic growth. Information technology is possible to say that the welfare states having this view will follow impartial policies about making social expenditures in future years.

Ad

5. Conclusions

In this written report, the social policy and the welfare country are handled with their goals, scopes, types, and problems from their historical evolution upward to today.

Social policy is a ready of measures developed to protect workers against the dangers arising equally a result of industrialization, in parallel to the historical development, later the industrial revolution. Its emergence in this fashion has caused the social policies to be defined in a narrow sense. Afterwards World War 2, the narrow perspective on social policy began to change. The reason of this modify was the fact that the measures to protect the interests of the working class were not sufficient to solve social problems. Therefore, it was concluded that social policy should be extended to embrace all segments of society. In a broad sense, social policy is a gear up of measures taken to ensure that all segments of the society live in peace and harmony to forestall unemployment, to improve working conditions, to provide a minimum wage, to provide social security and benefits, to eliminate injustice in income distribution, and to ensure social justice. Social policy refers to all policies that ensure the welfare of the state and individuals and the dynamic practices that constantly change.

The main goal of social policies is to ensure that anybody in society lives in peace and harmony away from conflicts. With social policies, it is aimed to ensure social justice, social evolution, social residuum, social integration, and social peace.

The goal of social justice is to create equality of opportunity for every individual without eliminating the freedoms and to ensure a fair distribution of income. In particular, objective of justice is to provide services such as education, tax, social security, equal opportunities, and fair and adequate wages. Providing social residual is possible by eliminating social and regional differences. For the establishment of social peace, the factors that hinder social reconciliation must exist eliminated. The aim of social integration is to ensure that measures are taken to prevent social disintegration. Social democracy, which has been adopted as the main objective of social policy, refers to the protection of individuals' interests in the environment of democratic freedoms by taking into account the residue of equality.

The industrial revolution played an important role in the historical development of social policies. After the industrial revolution, the increased capital letter ensured the formation of a powerful and rich bourgeoisie. On the other mitt, the need for manpower was met by means of the working form. The gap betwixt these two segments in gild gradually increased. With the ability from capital, the suburbia class began to impose low wages, poor working atmospheric condition, and working hours of upward to 16–20 hours on workers. The working class was left totally unprotected with the adoption of a liberal approach which argues that interference with market weather adversely affects welfare. The increasing social problems led to the formation of social policies. The liberal market place economy, which was replaced with Keynesian policies later Earth War Two and 1929 economic crunch, was given up, and thus, the state could interfere with market by means of social policies.

Although in that location are many definitions of the welfare state, it is possible to say "It is a kind of state in which consciously organized public ability is used to reduce the office of market place forces." Shifting from a liberal model to Keynesian model of welfare state, states adopted a more interventionist character from economical, social, and legal points of view. Dating back to 1880s, the welfare country continued to strengthen until the mid-1970s due to the increased unemployment and spread of poverty in all countries.

The concept of welfare state entered into literature with the Beveridge Study, which was created in 1942. Looking at the foundations of the concept of welfare land, it is possible to say that it dates dorsum to social security practices introduced by Bismarck in 1883. Welfare state emerged beginning in Germany and then in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The mutual feature of these countries was that they had industrialization and developed market economies and democratic systems. Due south Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, which underwent a further industrialization process, started to be accepted every bit welfare states in the 1970s. Japan had completed this procedure before. While there were attempts to become a welfare country in the Soviet Union subsequently the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the efforts to become a welfare state began later in Communist china, Cuba, and Eastern Europe simply they did not achieve an accomplishment with this regard considering they had no industrialization.

Social policy, which emerged as a upshot of failure of the social problems created by the liberal economy approach, was replaced with the concept of welfare state later on the adoption of social security practices introduced past Bismarck in Germany.

The social state developed policies not only in the areas of wellness, instruction, social security, distribution of income, and housing but as well sought solutions to environmental and urban problems in club to ensure social welfare. The welfare country varies from country to country according to the level of welfare they have. According to the classification fabricated by Esping-Anderson, liberal welfare model belongs to conservative Continental Europe, while the social autonomous model belongs to Scandinavians.

Information technology is possible to say that the welfare state, which was developed to eliminate the deficiencies of the liberal and socialist agreement in welfare, is a new grade of liberal model. In this sense, information technology acts with an interventionist arroyo to solve the problems that may arise in the field of social policy.

The Keynesian welfare state stated to accept a tendency to narrow social expenditures due to the decrease of economic growth, unemployment, and increased budget deficits later on the economical crises seen in the 1970s.

The criticism that the welfare state'southward practices for welfare were unsuccessful was justified based on allegations that poverty and unemployment increased, tax and social expenditures constituted a big burden, and the family and moral structure in the guild changed unfavorably.

Welfare land's tendency to turn back retrogressively is most likely to have a negative impact on social policies. The fiscal pressures caused by social expenditures may cause the welfare land to accept on a passive character as in the liberal menstruation in the face of social problems and cause social policies to regress.

This retrogression in the welfare is justified with globalization process, which has started to show its furnishings since the late 1970s. The understanding of globalization which is accompanied by liberalization suggests the limitation of the duties of the land. This situation may cause deeper problems in the social field. Although globalization had an touch on the welfare land as an external cistron, it is likewise necessary to evaluate the internal factors related to the socioeconomic and demographic structures of the states in the emergence of the crisis.

Demographic structure that changed considering of the aging of the population, prolongation of life span, and decreasing nativity rates can be shown as a reason for the crisis of the welfare state in adult countries. In addition, the family construction changed, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes increased, and economic growth decreased. The competitive power of the welfare state decreased due to the increase in expenditures made to ensure social welfare. The welfare states, which are in search of a solution for the emptying of the fiscal pressures caused by the expenditures related to increased prosperity, have entered into a restructuring process. In the process of restructuring and surviving, the financial pressure was tried to be eased through the privatization of the retirement organization, raising the retirement age, and increasing the premiums. During the restructuring process, the privatization initiatives were accelerated by providing the social welfare service through local administrations at local level.

There are many views on the future of the welfare state. Rightists who provide solutions to overcome the crisis fence that the neoliberal approach should exist adopted, while leftists argue that neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted.

In today's globe, the concept of welfare state is transforming and the economic pressures created past globalization accept a tendency to narrow social policies. Based on the fact that the reason for the transformation in the welfare country is not just globalization, each state should develop policies and tools that are the near appropriate for its social structure to adapt it to the transformation process. In fact, when we wait at the practices of the welfare states in the world, it is possible to say that the furnishings of the crisis differ according to the level of development and welfare. Some of the welfare states keep to undertake initiatives to reduce public expenditures simply they neglect to satisfy the expectations peculiarly because of the demographic structure. It is impossible to reduce the wellness and retirement expenditures because of the increasingly aging population.

The reform initiatives to reduce the crisis in the welfare states in the 1990s adopted the "active social protection" understanding, which aimed at activation by keeping the work strength in labor marketplace agile in social policy practices. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the menstruum of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their weather condition were made hard. Considering OECD information, it is seen that the activation efforts fail short to satisfy the expectations. On the other hand, it is seen that family and care support are not provided plenty, and kid poverty increases. Activation of practices is implemented by many countries. It tin be said that the time passed is not enough to give a decision whether the activation efforts have positive effects. All the same, it is clear that retirement and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population.

Inflation, tax, and public expenditures need to be reduced in order that the welfare state continues its beingness and economic growth and increases its competitiveness. In Europe, where there is tradition of social solidarity, there is a tendency that the welfare country continues. With the support of international organizations such as IMF, OECD, and World Banking concern, welfare states transfer the distribution of social services to the private sector. However, welfare services are still planned past the state, and many services are still provided by the state.

Despite all these developments, it is possible to say that the welfare state has an agile role on social policies and welfare states are resistant to the economical negativities experienced. In our opinion, reducing social expenditures should be the concluding resort in the reform initiatives of states to achieve growth in the future periods of transformation of the welfare land. The strategies to exist established in this way should be determined in light of the following points:

• Not deviating from the goal of achieving ultimate welfare in the transferring of services to the private sector and preserving the regulatory, descriptive character of the land

• Encouraging the private sector with regard to distribution of social services

• Making use of the increasing of voluntary organizations and local governments with regard to the provision of social services

• Restructuring to reduce expenditures other than social assistance expenditures

• Attaching importance to giving child care money to families and importance to immature people's vocational educational activity, considering the obstacles acquired past the demographic construction

• Reducing the burden of unemployment in public social spending by producing solutions that can prevent the increasing and deepening unemployment in the globe

• Reducing the inflation and taxation

• Not considering decreasing the spending on social welfare equally a tool for economical growth and determining the economic strategies on this basis

• Utilizing the developments on a global calibration in favor of the social welfare state and adopting strategies in line with the positive effects of globalization and making cooperation with international and supranational organizations in this process

In the calorie-free of all these points, it is possible to say that in the futurity, the governments adopting approaches compromising social policies in lodge to achieve economic growth will lead to the reaction of the society who has the expectation of social welfare. On the other hand, achieving welfare without diffusive from the goals of social policy volition also vary according to the states' ability to adapt themselves to changes and developments and reconstructing accordingly.

References

1. 1. Ersöz HY. Sosyal Politikada Yerelleşme. Istanbul: ITO; 2011. p. 99
2. 2. Altan ÖZ. Sosyal Politika. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını; 2009
3. iii. Erdal L. Türkiye'de Sosyal Politika ve Koruyucu Aile Hizmet Modeli. Sosyoekonomi. 2014;22:171-192.Bachelor from:sosyoekonomi. dergipark.gov.tr/download/commodity-file/197793[Accessed: 27-10-2018]
4. four. Talas C. Türkiye'nin Açıklamalı Sosyal Politika Tarihi. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi; 1992
5. v. Selçuk FÜ. Sosyal Politika: Tarihsel Zorunluluk Yaklaşımı Yerine Liberalizmle Ortaklaşan, Temellerden Alternatif Kurumsal İnşalara. Bilgi Dergisi. 2008;2:17
6. 6. Özaydın Grand. Küresel Etkilerle Şekillenen Sosyal Politika Anlayışı Ekseninde Sosyal Politikaların Geleceğini Tartışmak. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;ten(1):163-180. Available From:http://iibfdergisi.gazi.edu.tr/index.php/iibfdergisi/article/view/123/114[Accessed: 25-10-2018]
7. vii. Sami Güven H. Sosyal Politikanın Temelleri. 4th ed. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi; 2009. (online) Available from:http://0212n0ytd.y.http.eds.a.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=9c85753d-8564-462c-8226-b50342ff6626%40sdc-5-sessmgr02&vid=0&format=EB[Accessed: 27-10-2018]
8. 8. Kleinman M. Crunch? What crisis? Contunity and change in European welfare states. In: Buğra DA, Keyder Ç, editors. Sosyal Politika yazıları. 2th ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları; 2006
9. ix. Kennet P. Introduction: The changing context of comparative social policy. In: A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy. U.k.: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2004
10. ten. Livemore M, Midgley J. Handbook of Social Policy. 2th ed. U.s.a.: Sage Publication; 2009. Available from:http://0212n0yut.y.http.eds.a.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=2ef1eef2-4415-4ecf-b727-5f174764d263%40sessionmgr4006&vid=0&format=EK[Accessed: 26-10-2018]
11. 11. Blakemore One thousand, Warwick-Berth L. Social Policy, An Introduction. McGraw Hill, Ed. England: Open University Press; 2013. Available from:http://0212n0ytw.y.http.eds.a.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=c7700036-22d7-4c6f-bbaf-b0272df89753%40sessionmgr4006&vid=0&format=EB[Accessed: 27-10-2018]
12. 12. Daly 1000. Governence and social policy. Journal of Social Policy. 2003;32(ane):113-128. DOI: 10.1017/500447279402006840. Available from:http://www/Cambridge.org/cadre/terms[Accessed: 25-10-2018]
13. xiii. Deacon B. Global Social Policy and Governance. London: Sage Publications; 2007
14. 14. Robinson A, Moggridge D. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: The General Theory of Employment, Involvement and Money. quaternary ed. Vol. 2013. Cambridge Academy Press. p. 7
15. fifteen. Erdut Z. Uluslararası Sosyal Politika ve Türkiye Küreselleşme Bağlamında. İzmir: DEU Yayınları; 2002
16. 16. Çubuk A. Sosyal Politika. Vol. 123. Ankara: İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Yay; 1979
17. 17. Greve B. Welfare State. 3th ed2014. Available from:http://0212n0ytl.y.http.eds.b.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=bf 88060a-95ec-4185-b6c0-38ee92569537%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&vid=0&format=EK[Accessed: 26-10-2018]
18. eighteen. Asa B. The welfare land at historical perspective. Archives européennes de sociologie. 1961;2(2):221-259. Available from:https://ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/MuseSessionID=021010ytv/MuseProtocol=https/MuseHost=www.jstor.org/MusePath/stable/23987939?https://ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/MuseSessionID=021010ytv/MuseProtocol=https/MuseHost=world wide web.jstor.org/MusePath/stable/23987939&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents[Accessed: 28-10-2018]
19. 19. Serter N. Devlet Görevlerindeki Gelişmelerin Sonucu Olarak Sosyal Devlet. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi IIBF Yayını; 1994
20. 20. Rodgers B. Towards a Welfare State. 2014. Bachelor from:http://0212n0yts.y.http.eds.a.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=73c12b83-c3ad-40a6-aec5-69a1aca9dc62%40sessionmgr4007&vid=0&format=EK[Accessed: 28-10-2018]
21. 21. Özdemir S. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti. 2th ed. İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayını; 2007. p. 57. Available from:http://0212n0yue.y.http.eds.a.ebscohost.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=9fd54384-c96d-420e-9163-a37f9cb5a810%40sessionmgr4010&vid=0&format=EB[Accessed: 26-10-2018]
22. 22. Şenkal A. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sosyal Politika. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları; 2005
23. 23. Clarke J, Hughes M, Lewis G, Money M. Introduction: The Meaning of the Welfare Country, Social Policy: Welfare, Power and Diversity (Imagging Welfare Futures). New York: Open University Printing; 1998
24. 24. TUSIAD. Optimal Devlet. Istanbul: Tusiad Yayınları; 1995
25. 25. Rosanvallon P. Refah Devletinin Krizi, Çev. B. Şahinli, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi; 2004
26. 26. Esping-Anderson Thou. The Three World of Welfare Commercialism. Oxford: Polity Press; 1990
27. 27. Anderson Due east. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economics. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999
28. 28. Özdemir S. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti. Vol. 69. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları; 2004
29. 29. Glazer N. The Limits of Social Policy. Cambridge: Harvard Academy Press; 1990. Bachelor from:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289340. DOI: x.2307/1289340
30. 30. Aktel Grand. Küreselleşme Süreci ve Etki Alanları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2001;half-dozen(2):193-202. Available from:http://021300ytf.y.http.dergipark.gov.tr.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/download/article-file/195121[Accessed: 28-ten-2018]
31. 31. Mishra R. Globalization and the Welfare State. Great britain: Edward Elgar Publishing; 1999
32. 32. Pierson C. Beyond the Welfare Land? The New Economic system of Welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge Polity Printing; 2006
33. 33. Reiger Due east, Leibfried S. Limits to Globalization: Welfare States and the Globe Economy. U.k.: Blackwell; 2003
34. 34. Yeates Northward. Globalization and social policy. From global neoliberal hegemony to global political plurism. Global Social Policy. 2001;2(1):69-91, Sage Publications, London, Available from:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/ten.1177/1468018102002001095[Accessed: 26-10-2018]
35. 35. Holden C. Global social policy: An application of welfare state theory. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy. 2017;34(one):40-57. Available from:https://0211r0yu9-y-https-world wide web-tandfonline.com.ikcu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/doi/full/x.1080/21699763.2017.1413993?ringlet=top&needAccess=true[Accessed: 27-10-2018]
36. 36. Palier B. The re-orientation of European social policies towards social investment. International Periodical of Politics, Civilisation, and Society. 2006:105-116. Available from:https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal01020968/certificate[Accessed: 29-10-2018]
37. 37. OECD Statistics. Available from:https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PAG&lang=en,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=WEALTH&lang=en,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=Family unit&lang=en,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=IDD&lang=en[Accessed: 27-ten-2018]

Written Past

Esra Dundar Aravacik

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed nether the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original piece of work is properly cited.

byfordcomprignate.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64579

Bagikan Artikel ini